Fate and effects of metal-based nanoparticles in two marine invertebrates, the bivalve mollusc Scrobicularia plana and the annelid polychaete Hediste diversicolor
Résumé
The objective of this paper is to synthesize resultsfrom seven published research papers employing differentexperimental approaches to evaluate the fate of metal-basednanoparticles (Ag NPs, Au NPs, CuO NPs, CdS NPs, ZnONPs) in the marine environment and their effects on twomarine endobenthic species, the bivalve Scrobicularia planaand the ragworm Hediste diversicolor. The experiments werecarried out under laboratory (microcosms) conditions or underenvironmentally realistic conditions in outdoor mesocosms.Based on results from these seven papers, we addressed thefollowing research questions: (1) How did the environmentinto which nanoparticles were released affect their physicochemical properties?, (2) How did the route of exposure (seawater, food, sediment) influence bioaccumulationand effects?, (3) Which biomarkers were the most responsive?and (4) Which tools were the most efficient to evaluate the fateand effects of NPs in the marine environment? The obtainedresults showed that metal‐based NPs in general were highlyagglomerated/aggregated in seawater. DGT tools could beused to estimate the bioavailability of metals releasedfrom NPs under soluble form in the aquatic environment.Both metal forms (nanoparticulate, soluble) were generally bioaccumulated in both species. Among biochemicaltools, GST and CAT were the most sensitive revealing the enhancement of anti-oxidant defenses in both speciesexposed to sub-lethal concentrations of metal-basedNPs. Apoptosis and genotoxicity were frequentlyobserved.